Molecular Biology, Proteins, and Omics

This topic page reorganises the 18 source notes filed under molecular-biology into reading-order axes. It does not replace the by-photo Markdown; every claim links back to a source note or the canonical transcription. Where a source carries Uncertain Spans, that uncertainty is preserved here rather than smoothed out.

Overview

The corpus treats molecular biology, proteins, and omics as a single methodological reference block — the late-document chapters that the rest of the JS PD pipeline cites for vocabulary, assay families, and nomenclature conventions rather than for disease-mechanism claims. Six overlapping axes organise the 18 sources. (1) A [MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] foundations strand covering the Central Dogma summary and the DNA / cDNA / ASO / HDO / histone / methylation block (20240722_184607, 20240722_184610), with the HGVS sequence-variant-nomenclature continuation that walks from Protein-level General recommendations through Silent changes / Substitutions / Deletions / Duplications / Insertions / Indels / Extensions (20240722_184620, 20240722_184623). (2) A transcriptome / RNA strand spanning mRNA / miRNA / RNA-binding proteins / Transcriptome / GEA methods comparison / Interpretation (20240722_184646) and the Spatial / Single-cell transcriptomics / Gene ontology bridge into the [Protein] chapter (20240722_184649). (3) A [MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > Mutations > Genotyping Methods chain that carries Cre-LoxP recombination, the Tet expression system, GWAS / Trans-OWAS framing (20240722_184643), and an SAR / Immunoprecipitation / Proximity-ligation / Pull-down / SiMPull / Single Molecular Counting / Neurotoolkit assay block (20240722_184713), then runs into a Re-dosing / Regulatory Element / Route of Administration / Seroepidemiology / Potency / DRG Toxicity / Brain MRI Neurotoxicity / FDA CTGT 2021 takeaways appendix (20240722_184756). (4) Proteomics and PPI: the PD-Proteomics continuation with a Statistics / Power analysis block (20240722_184417), the Proteomics > Issues and Solving page that bridges the tail of Transcranial-sonography into Transcriptomics in PD (overview, bulk-tissue, single-cell) (20240722_184532), the Proteomics page proper (Methods, Database of Protein structure, GFP, Homology) (20240722_184653), and the PPI / Post-Translational Modifications page (PPI types, Co-IP, PTM goals, O-GlcNAc glycosylation) (20240722_184656). (5) Protein assays under [Protein] > Assays: LC-MS vs ELISA, Flow cytometry, FRET / R-FRET, ELISA / Sandwich ELISA, SIMOA, MSD (20240722_184706) and ELISA vs WB, AlphaLISA, PCR, SPR, DNA Synthesis assays, Cell Signaling Assay, Binding affinity / Qualitative-Quantitative-Semi-quantitative (20240722_184710). (6) A [Glossary] reference tail covering the IUPAC Amino Acid Codes (20240722_184854) and the two FY21 MRP / Glossary trailing pages whose first nav-root differs by an ellipsis-vs-projects typo (20240722_184857, 20240722_184901).

This topic is methodology-side reference for downstream synthesis pages. PD-disease-context proteomic / biomarker analyses, ELISA / SIMOA / MSD readouts in trial design, HGVS-style variant calls in PD genetics, and AAV / GT safety material consumed by Parkin GT / SNCA programs are covered on the relevant disease-side topic pages and only linked here; this page does not re-narrate them.

Source Boundary / Delegation

This topic is bounded inside sections/molecular-biology and does not include sources from sibling sections. Adjacent material that overlaps but is owned elsewhere:

boundaryadjacent materialowned by
Disease-side proteomics / biomarker-grade assay readouts (UPS / TR-FRET / SV2A / SIMOA in trials, Karayel 2021 urine-CSF, Higginbotham 2020 Figure S5)mixed text+figure assay panels consumed by validation milestonesbiomarkers-outcomes
HGVS variant nomenclature applied to PD variants, FATHMM, Genotyping Methods table, Genetic Testing pros/consthe Synaptic change in PD body that re-uses this nomenclature is filed under biomarkers-outcomes (20240722_184626)biomarkers-outcomes / genetics-pathway
AAV / capsid / promoter / Route of Administration / DRG toxicity / FDA CTGT 2021 takeaways consumed by PD GT programsthe GT safety appendix that 184756 carries is methodological reference here, but its disease-side application is in PARKN GT / SNCA program coveragepk-gt-pharmacology, parkn-gt, snca-aso-wave, snca-btv-hdo
α-synuclein / aSyn / SNCA biology, antibody, vaccine, ASO / HDO programsthis topic does not narrate aSyn biology or programs; the [Protein] and Assays chapters here are the vocabulary that those topics importalpha-synuclein (Tier 1) and the aSyn programs entity pages
Mitochondrial transcriptomics / mtDNA / Mitochondrial Regulators tablethe Transcriptomics-in-PD section that 184532 opens is general-method, not the mitochondrial mtDNA / regulators detailmitochondria
Parkin protein, pS65-Ub, PARKN-PD biology and PARKN GT preclinical / clinical materialnot narrated here even though [Protein] and PPI / PTM vocabulary anchor those readingsparkin
Power-analysis sample-size methodology applied to specific PD trials (Exenatide-PD3, Lixipark, NLY01, NfL, DAT-PET)184417 carries a generic Statistics / Power analysis primer; PD-trial-specific sample-size anchors are on the biomarkers-outcomes / mitochondria topicsbiomarkers-outcomes, mitochondria

The topic also does not include the Lower-cased biomarkers planning grid (20240722_184506), the Synaptic change in PD HGVS / FATHMM page (20240722_184626), the Reference range (normal range) UPS / TR-FRET page (20240722_184557), or any other source filed under biomarkers-outcomes — even though they re-use the same protein-assay and variant-nomenclature vocabulary.

Source Coverage

18 source notes are assigned to the molecular-biology section. They sit across 12 first-level nav_path clusters; the topic axes below collapse those clusters as follows:

nav root (first nav_path entry)sourcescovered axis
[MOLECULAR BIOLOGY]5Central Dogma / DNA-ASO / Mutations / Genotyping Methods (incl. AAV-GT safety appendix)
[Protein]2Protein assays — LC-MS / ELISA / FRET / SIMOA / MSD / AlphaLISA / SPR / DNA-synthesis / cell-signaling / binding-affinity
Proteomics2Proteomics methods bridge / Transcriptomics-in-PD bridge
[Glossary]1IUPAC Amino Acid Codes
FY21 B. KPI-linked projects1Glossary tail (Logarithm)
FY21 B. KPI-linked proje…1Glossary tail (typo-distinct sibling page)
General recommendations1HGVS Sequence Variant Nomenclature — Protein level / General
Insertions1HGVS Protein Nomenclature — Silent changes / Substitutions / Deletions / Duplications / Insertions / Indels / Extensions
mRNA1mRNA / miRNA / RBPs / Transcriptome / GEA / Methods comparison / Interpretation
PD Proteomics1PD Proteomics continuation / Statistics / Power analysis
Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI)1PPI types / Co-IP / Post-Translational Modifications / O-GlcNAcylation
Spatial transcriptomics1Spatial / Single-cell transcriptomics / Gene ontology bridge into [Protein]

For exact nav_path strings and headings see molecular-biology and the matching by-nav indexes listed in related_topics_by_nav. The FY21 B. KPI-linked proje… (with ellipsis) and FY21 B. KPI-linked projects nav roots are typo-distinct on the source pages and are preserved as such in nav-path-index; both first-level entries generate their own by-nav index (fy21-b-kpi-linked-proje, fy21-b-kpi-linked-projects).

Across the 18 sources, the source-note frontmatter records 64 uncertain_span_count entries and 0 body-embedded figure assets. The zero-figure-embed count reflects the 2026-04-29 body-purity decision (docs/decisions/2026-04-29-body-purity-and-figure-only-embeds.md): the molecular-biology pages embed Central Dogma / DNA-replication diagrams, HDO / ASO structure cartoons, the Tet expression system schematic, the spatial-transcriptomics workflow figure, the Sandwich-ELISA / FRET / SIMOA panels, the SPR sensorgram cartoon, the IUPAC nucleotide / amino-acid code table, and other mixed text+figure crops on the source pages, so they are kept as evidence rather than embedded. The 64 uncertain spans are retained as review targets and not resolved here.

Central Dogma, DNA / ASO, HGVS Nomenclature

20240722_184607 is the [MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > Central Dogma Process opener. The visible body carries the upper Neurodegeneration-in-the-nigrostriatal-dopamine-system slide (DaTscan / VMAT2 PET) along with VIVIKI, techniques, VPS35 (PARK17), Whole Exome Sequencing, References sub-blocks and the start of the [MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > Central Dogma Process section — the page acts as the bridge between the disease-side (DaTscan / VMAT2) trail and the methodology chapter that follows. 5 Uncertain Spans.

20240722_184610 continues under [MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > DNA > cDNA / ASO / DNA structure and walks through ASO and HDO Structure, the DNA structure / DNA binding proteins / Histone block, DNA modifying enzymes, CG islands, DNA methylation (Definition / Where? / FUNCTION). 4 Uncertain Spans. The α-synuclein-side ASO / HDO programs that consume this vocabulary live on alpha-synuclein and the SNCA ASO (WAVE) / SNCA BTV (HDO) entity pages; the biology-side reading does not re-state them here.

20240722_184620 opens the General recommendations > Detailed recommendations > Protein level > General HGVS chapter — the standard sequence-variant nomenclature continuation. 3 Uncertain Spans.

20240722_184623 is the Insertions > Deletion/insertions (indels) > Extensions page that walks across HGVS Protein Nomenclature for Silent changes, Substitutions, Deletions, Duplications, Insertions (with Variability of short sequence repeats), Deletion/insertions (indels), Extensions. 4 Uncertain Spans. The downstream application of this nomenclature to PD-variant calls, the FATHMM-MKL prediction-score block, the Genotyping Methods table, and the Sequencing volume vs Number of Samples figure are on 20240722_184626, which sits under biomarkers-outcomes and is owned by biomarkers-outcomes; it is not re-narrated here.

Transcriptome / mRNA / Spatial Transcriptomics

20240722_184646 is the mRNA > miRNA > RNA binding proteins (RBPs) > Transcriptome > Database of transcriptome > Gene Expression Analysis (Transcriptome) > Methods comparison > Interpretation page. The source-note headings record an miRNA / RBPs / Transcriptome strand, GEA, a Methods comparison block, and sample-preparation / Interpretation rows. 3 Uncertain Spans.

20240722_184649 is the bridge from Spatial transcriptomics > Single cell transcriptomics > Gene ontology into the [Protein] chapter (Code, Structure of protein, Species of protein, Turnover of proteins, Proteomics). The page is where the navigation hands off from omics-data into protein-side methodology. 4 Uncertain Spans. Mitochondrial-side single-cell / bulk-tissue transcriptomics applications live on mitochondria (TRAP1 axis introduction, MitoCarta references) rather than here.

Mutations / Genotyping Methods / GT Safety Appendix

20240722_184643 is the [MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > Mutations > Genotyping Methods opener. The visible body covers Cre-LoxP recombination, the Tet expression system, the present-vs-future (A) Present: GWAS / Future: Trans-OWAS framing, and a Transcription / mRNA / Structure block. 3 Uncertain Spans.

20240722_184713 extends the chain with an SAR (Structure-Activity Relationships), Immunoprecipitation, Proximity-Ligation Assay (PLA), Pull-down assay, Single-molecule Pull-down (SiMPull), Near-InfraRed counting, Single-Molecular Counting, and Neurotoolkit (https://www.alzheimersdata.org/ntk) row. 4 Uncertain Spans. This page is the methodological reference for the assay families that downstream PD-proteomic and protein-aggregate work cites.

20240722_184756 closes the chain with an AAV / GT safety appendix: Re-dosing?, Regulatory Element, Route of Administration, Seroepidemiology (Seropositivity), Potency, Safety (Risk), <mark>DRG Toxicity</mark>, <mark>Neurotoxicity (Brain MRI)</mark>, Concerns of dorsal root ganglion pathology in terms of routes of administration and AAV serotypes, the FDA CTGT Advisory Committee Meeting – 02Sept2021 — Key Takeaways block, and Gene-therapy specific safety considerations. 5 Uncertain Spans. The mark-highlighted cells are preserved verbatim on the source page rather than reconciled here. The disease-side application of this AAV / DRG / FDA-CTGT material lives in pk-gt-pharmacology and on the PARKN GT / aSyn-program entity pages, which are not modified by this topic.

Proteomics, PPI, Post-Translational Modifications

20240722_184417 sits under PD Proteomics and carries a continuation block, a Stastics heading (misspelling preserved verbatim from the source), and a Power analysis sub-section. 4 Uncertain Spans. PD-trial-specific sample-size anchors (Exenatide-PD3, Lixipark, NLY01, Nocker DAT, Chelban NfL) are owned by biomarkers-outcomes and mitochondria and are not duplicated here.

20240722_184532 is the Proteomics > Issues and Solving page that bridges the tail of Transcranial-sonography in PD into a Transcriptomics-in-PD block (Overview of transcriptomics in PD, Bulk-tissue transcriptomics in PD, Single-cell transcriptomics in PD). 0 Uncertain Spans. The page also acts as a forward link into the single-cell transcriptomics table that continues on 20240722_184550 (which is filed in gba-pd-asyn and is not part of this topic’s source set).

20240722_184653 is the Proteomics page proper. It carries Methods of proteomics, Database of Protein structure, GFP (green fluorescent protein), and Homology rows. 4 Uncertain Spans.

20240722_184656 is the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) > Post-Translational Modifications page. PPI sub-blocks: Types of PPI, Assays of PPI, Co-immunoprecipitation. PTM sub-blocks: Goal, Type, O-GlcNAc glycosylation (=O-GlcNAcylation). 4 Uncertain Spans. The PTM material is the vocabulary that pS65-Ub, ubiquitination, and α-syn phosphorylation pages elsewhere in the corpus reference; the disease-side application stays on parkin and alpha-synuclein.

Protein Assays — LC-MS / ELISA / FRET / SIMOA / MSD / AlphaLISA / SPR

20240722_184706 is the [Protein] > Assays > LC-MS vs ELISA > Flow cytometry > FRET > ELISA > Sandwich ELISA > SIMOA > MSD page. The page-internal headings include Products, LC-MS, LC-MS vs ELISA, the inline-styled <span style="color:#0E2F5A">Serum Protein Measurement Methods</span> caption, Flow cytometry, FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) ASSAY, R-FRET, ELISA, Sandwich ELISA, SIMOA (Single Molecule Array). 4 Uncertain Spans. The MSD (Meso Scale Discovery) tail of the nav_path continues onto the next captured page.

20240722_184710 extends the assay menu under `[Protein] > Assays > ELISA > AlphaLISA > PCR > SPR

DNA Synthesis assays > Cell Signaling Assay > Binding affinity assayswith ELISA vs WB, AlphaLISA, PCR, SPR (surface Plasmon Resonance), DNA Synthesis assays, Cell Signaling Assay, and a Qualitative / Quantitative / Semi-quantitative summary row. 4Uncertain Spans`. The two pages should be read as a single Assay-menu reference; specific Lower-Limit-of- Detection / dynamic-range / cost cells stay on the source pages and are not re-quoted here.

These two pages are the methodology counterpart of the disease-side biomarker-validation framework on biomarkers-outcomes (BMx Milestone Matrix, Biomarker type-specific definition of milestones, Analytical / Technical validation parameters, MJFF Phases of Assay Development, Keytruda worked example) and the UPS / TR-FRET / TUBE schematic in that topic’s Reference-range page (20240722_184557); those disease-side claims are not repeated here.

Glossary — Amino Acid Codes / Logarithm

20240722_184854 is the [Glossary] > Amino Acid Codes page (IUPAC one-/three-letter amino acid code reference table). 2 Uncertain Spans. The IUPAC nucleotide-codes sibling table sits on the immediately preceding photo (20240722_184850), which is not part of this topic’s source set.

20240722_184857 and 20240722_184901 are the trailing FY21 MRP / Glossary continuation pages. Both carry a Glossary / Amino Acid Codes context and a Logarithm reference (184901 records the Logarithm heading explicitly; 184857 records only the Uncertain Spans section). 4 + 3 Uncertain Spans. The two are distinct first-nav_path roots in the corpus because the Word navigation pane records FY21 B. KPI-linked proje… (with ellipsis) on 184857 and FY21 B. KPI-linked projects (full) on 184901; that ellipsis-vs-full typo is preserved verbatim and drives the two separate by-nav indexes (fy21-b-kpi-linked-proje, fy21-b-kpi-linked-projects) rather than being merged. The FY21 KPI-linked-projects body itself is an operations / planning artifact that sits in operations coverage; the only connection to this topic is that the Word navigation pane runs the Glossary chapter under that FY21 outline at the document tail.

Source Table

All 18 sources, in capture-time order, with the per-page uncertain-span and embedded-image counts copied from front matter. nav path is the full nav_path recorded in the source note.

stemnav path / headingsource notecanonicaluncertain spansembedded images
20240722_184417PD Proteomicsnotemd40
20240722_184532Proteomics > Issues and Solvingnotemd00
20240722_184607[MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > Central Dogma Processnotemd50
20240722_184610[MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > DNA > cDNA / ASO / DNA structurenotemd40
20240722_184620General recommendations > Detailed recommendations > Protein level > Generalnotemd30
20240722_184623Insertions > Deletion/insertions (indels) > Extensionsnotemd40
20240722_184643[MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > Mutations > Genotyping Methodsnotemd30
20240722_184646mRNA > miRNA > RNA binding proteins (RBPs) > Transcriptome > Database of transcriptome > Gene Expression Analysis (Transcriptome) > Methods comparison > Interpretationnotemd30
20240722_184649Spatial transcriptomics > Single cell transcriptomics > Gene ontology > [Protein] > Structure of protein > Species of protein > Turnover of proteins > Proteomicsnotemd40
20240722_184653Proteomicsnotemd40
20240722_184656Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) > Post-Translational Modificationsnotemd40
20240722_184706[Protein] > Assays > LC-MS vs ELISA > Flow cytometry > FRET > ELISA > Sandwich ELISA > SIMOA > MSDnotemd40
20240722_184710[Protein] > Assays > ELISA > AlphaLISA > PCR > SPR > DNA Synthesis assays > Cell Signaling Assay > Binding affinity assaysnotemd40
20240722_184713[MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > Mutations > Genotyping Methodsnotemd40
20240722_184756[MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] > Mutations > Genotyping Methodsnotemd50
20240722_184854[Glossary] > Amino Acid Codesnotemd20
20240722_184857FY21 B. KPI-linked proje… > FY21 MRP > Glossary > Amino Acid Codesnotemd40
20240722_184901FY21 B. KPI-linked projects > FY21 MRP > Glossary > Amino Acid Codesnotemd30

Totals across the 18 sources: uncertain_span_count = 64, embedded_image_count = 0. These are review surface area; the zero-figure-embed count reflects the 2026-04-29 body-purity decision (docs/decisions/2026-04-29-body-purity-and-figure-only-embeds.md) under which mixed text-and-figure crops on these pages are kept as evidence rather than embedded.

Uncertainties Carried Forward

This page deliberately does not paraphrase the Central-Dogma-Process diagram labels, the DNA / cDNA / ASO / HDO structure cartoons, the HGVS Protein-Nomenclature parameter cells, the Cre-LoxP / Tet-system schematics, the SAR / SiMPull / Single-Molecular-Counting assay rows, the AAV / DRG toxicity / FDA CTGT 2021 takeaways block, the PD-Proteomics Power-analysis parameters, the Transcriptomics-in-PD overview / bulk / single-cell rows, the Methods-of-proteomics / GFP / Homology cells, the PPI types / Co-IP / O-GlcNAcylation rows, the LC-MS / ELISA / Sandwich-ELISA / FRET / SIMOA / MSD assay parameters, the AlphaLISA / PCR / SPR / DNA-synthesis / Cell-signaling / Binding-affinity rows, the IUPAC Amino-Acid / Logarithm glossary cells. Specific uncertainty hot spots worth checking before any downstream extraction:

The FY21 B. KPI-linked proje… (with ellipsis) versus FY21 B. KPI-linked projects (full) typo on 20240722_184857 and 20240722_184901 is preserved verbatim as the Word navigation pane’s own typography rather than reconciled, and the two pages remain typo-distinct first-nav_path roots in nav-path-index.

  • molecular-biology — section index for all 18 sources
  • biomarkers-outcomes — sibling topic; BMx Milestone Matrix, Biomarker type-specific milestones, Analytical / Technical validation parameters, MJFF Phases of Assay Development, Keytruda example, UPS / TR-FRET / TUBE Reference-range page (20240722_184557), HGVS / FATHMM / Genotyping Methods / Genetic Testing on the Synaptic change in PD page (20240722_184626)
  • mitochondria — sibling topic; mitochondrial bulk- / single-cell transcriptomics applications, MitoCarta references, TRAP1 axis introduction
  • parkin — sibling topic; Parkin / pS65-Ub / PARKN-PD biology that consumes the PPI / PTM / O-GlcNAcylation vocabulary
  • alpha-synuclein — sibling topic; aSyn / SNCA / ASO / HDO programs that consume the DNA / ASO / HDO / amino-acid-code / HGVS-nomenclature vocabulary
  • gba-pd-biology / gba-gcase-modalities — sibling topics on the GBA-PD biology / therapeutic-modalities axes that import this chapter’s Assays / Proteomics vocabulary
  • brain-banks-postmortem / bioorchestra-biomarker-catalog — sibling topics that consume protein / aSyn / pSer65-Ub / GlcSph assay rows from the Assays vocabulary defined here
  • therapeutic-programs — program-routing map (PARKN GT, NLRP3i, aSyn programs, etc.) that depends on the AAV / GT safety appendix in 184756
  • biomarkers-outcomes — sibling section for the biomarker / outcome-measure axis (20240722_184557, 20240722_184626, etc.) that re-uses this chapter’s vocabulary
  • genetics-pathway — sibling section for the variant-pathogenicity / GWAS / PRS / pathway-analysis material that the HGVS / Genotyping Methods chain feeds into
  • pk-gt-pharmacology — sibling section for the AAV / capsid / promoter / Route of Administration / DRG toxicity material that 184756 indexes
  • parkn-gt / snca-aso-wave / snca-btv-hdo / asyn-propagation-suppressor — program entities that consume the AAV / GT safety appendix and the DNA / ASO / HDO / amino-acid-code vocabulary
  • molecular-biology[MOLECULAR BIOLOGY] first-nav_path index
  • protein[Protein] first-nav_path index (Assays sub-tree)
  • proteomicsProteomics first-nav_path index
  • pd-proteomicsPD Proteomics first-nav_path index
  • protein-protein-interaction-ppiProtein-Protein Interaction (PPI) first-nav_path index
  • mrnamRNA first-nav_path index
  • spatial-transcriptomicsSpatial transcriptomics first-nav_path index
  • general-recommendationsGeneral recommendations first-nav_path index (HGVS protein-level)
  • insertionsInsertions first-nav_path index (HGVS Insertions / Indels / Extensions)
  • glossary[Glossary] first-nav_path index
  • fy21-b-kpi-linked-proje / fy21-b-kpi-linked-projects — typo-distinct FY21 first-nav_path indexes
  • source-catalog — all 447 sources in capture order
  • nav-path-index — 376 distinct nav_paths